Why is nicotine so addictive?

Tobacco contains a substance - nicotine - which keeps the smoker smoking. Experts affirm it may be as addictive as cocaine. Nicotine increases the release of neurotransmitters which regulate behavior and mood.

Nicotine triggers the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter which give people a pleasant feeling. Obtaining that dopamine rush is said to be a major part of the addiction process - smokers crave that neurotransmitter (especially dopamine) rush.

Experts say that when nicotine is inhaled the brain is affected within seconds. After an inhalation the smoker's heart rate increases, levels of the hormones noradrenalin also increase, as well as dopamine - the whole experience is said to enhance mood, as well as the ability to concentrate.

There are other physical as well as psychological factors which influence the addiction process. The following situations, cues or behaviors may be linked to smoking urges:

• Certain moments during the day may be associated with a greater desire to smoke, such as with the first cup of coffee, during work breaks, or after routine tasks.
• Alcohol - most smokers who drink alcohol say that tobacco and alcohol are enjoyed together.
• Some places - smokers often find certain places, such as the toilet, some bars and pubs (if smoking is allowed there), or car parks (after getting down from the car or coming into the car park from a supermarket and walking towards the car) trigger a desire to smoke.
• After eating - most smokers have a stronger desire to smoke immediately after a meal.
• Some people - smokers often find that meeting other people, especially if they are also smokers; make them want to smoke more.

• The telephone - when the telephone rings at home many smokers run for their cigarettes before picking it up.
• Tobacco smell - the smell of other people smoking can be a strong trigger for smokers to want to light up.
• Moments of stress - the majority of smokers will typically have an urge to smoke when faced with a stressful, exciting or emotional situation.

If a smoker does not receive nicotine for an extended period, for example 24 hours, the following signs and symptoms of withdrawal may emerge:

• A drop in mood (depressed mood)
• Agitation
• Anger
• Anxiety
• Greater appetite
• Heart rate (pulse) slows down
• Insomnia
• Problems focusing
• Hostility